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Instructional Design and Technology Definition:
The analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace" (Reiser & Dempsey 2012, p. 5). Instructional Technology and Design includes the utilization of appropriate and engaging programs and resources that facilitate and propagate measurable, optimal learning based on a variety of individual learning abilities and needs.
My Definition of Instructional Design and Technology:
The methodical analysis, creation, and implementation of instructional strategies and materials needed to achieve a desired learning objective or objectives as defined by a particular institution.
Early Instructional Technology:
It was during World War II that instructional design and technology began to be used routinely for military and industrial training purposes; however at this time, instructional technology in the field of education was not common place. In the early 1960's, three individuals introduced the first IT Design Models: Robert Gagne, Robert Glaser, and L.C Silvern. They conceptualized learning systems where various components of the instructional programs were, “linked together to form a process, or model, for systematically designing instructional materials” (Reiser & Dempsey, 2012, p. 25). Robert Gagne would prove to be one of the more prominent IT designers with his 9 Events of Instruction.
The analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace" (Reiser & Dempsey 2012, p. 5). Instructional Technology and Design includes the utilization of appropriate and engaging programs and resources that facilitate and propagate measurable, optimal learning based on a variety of individual learning abilities and needs.
My Definition of Instructional Design and Technology:
The methodical analysis, creation, and implementation of instructional strategies and materials needed to achieve a desired learning objective or objectives as defined by a particular institution.
Early Instructional Technology:
It was during World War II that instructional design and technology began to be used routinely for military and industrial training purposes; however at this time, instructional technology in the field of education was not common place. In the early 1960's, three individuals introduced the first IT Design Models: Robert Gagne, Robert Glaser, and L.C Silvern. They conceptualized learning systems where various components of the instructional programs were, “linked together to form a process, or model, for systematically designing instructional materials” (Reiser & Dempsey, 2012, p. 25). Robert Gagne would prove to be one of the more prominent IT designers with his 9 Events of Instruction.
Robert Gagne
Gagne's instructional model, as introduced in his 1965 book The Conditions of Learning, outlines a series of educational steps or goals that help to ensure effective learning. One of the more popular instructional models of the time, the nine learning conditions "were based on the information processing model of the mental events that occur when adults are presented with various stimuli " (UF 2018). The first event, the attention grabber, might be as simple as a signal from the instructor, but as the learning conditions progress through the entire process, the events become more complex and utilize higher level cognitive skills.
Gagne's instructional model, as introduced in his 1965 book The Conditions of Learning, outlines a series of educational steps or goals that help to ensure effective learning. One of the more popular instructional models of the time, the nine learning conditions "were based on the information processing model of the mental events that occur when adults are presented with various stimuli " (UF 2018). The first event, the attention grabber, might be as simple as a signal from the instructor, but as the learning conditions progress through the entire process, the events become more complex and utilize higher level cognitive skills.
Example of 9 Events of Instruction in Action in the Classroom
- Gain Attention -Learners are introduced to the topic through a fresh, catchy or interesting presentation in order to spark interest and future engagement. The hook can range from something as simple as an ice-breaker or a quick game, to a video or audio introduction.
- Orient the Learner-Inform the learners what the task is and what the goal of accomplishing the task is. An example would be introducing an assignment. For example, write an effective essay arguing whether or not animals are entitled to rights.
- Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge-What does the learner already know about this topic/task? If the task is to write the topic about animal experimentation, ask learners to respond to their experiences with animals as children. How did they treat their pets? Were they caged, for example.
- Present Content Material-Read, analyze, and discuss source articles or other reading materials.
- Guided Practice/Modeling-The instructor models an outline, or sample essay, or both.
- Elicit Performance "practice"-Learners brainstorm, outline, and draft essay.
- Provide Informative Feedback-As per rubric provide learners with specific feedback on their project.
- Assess Lesson Objectives Met-Did learners master the performance objective based on the assessment format?
- Enhance Retention and Transfer-Revise and publish document
Key Instructional Tools Introduced in the Classroom Timeline
From the end of the 1800s and moving through the early 2000s, technology in the classroom has evolved from simple writing slate tablets, to the introduction of computers in the 1970's, to the accessibility and user friendliness of the iPad today. Our parents and grandparents could never have imagined that just a few generations down the line, students would be using personal computers and/or iPads as textbooks and research tools. But as far as educational and technology goes, the biggest game changer by far has been the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991. The Internet has allowed Instructional Technology and Design to become remote and flourish not in a physical space, but in cyber space. Online instruction allows for more accessibility, equity, and limitless learning opportunities for all. We are left to wonder how will the tools of technology evolve over the next 100 years.
Adapted from C. Wilson, M. Orrellano, & M. Meek.
"The Learning Machines". The New York Times,
September 15, 2010.
From the end of the 1800s and moving through the early 2000s, technology in the classroom has evolved from simple writing slate tablets, to the introduction of computers in the 1970's, to the accessibility and user friendliness of the iPad today. Our parents and grandparents could never have imagined that just a few generations down the line, students would be using personal computers and/or iPads as textbooks and research tools. But as far as educational and technology goes, the biggest game changer by far has been the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991. The Internet has allowed Instructional Technology and Design to become remote and flourish not in a physical space, but in cyber space. Online instruction allows for more accessibility, equity, and limitless learning opportunities for all. We are left to wonder how will the tools of technology evolve over the next 100 years.
Adapted from C. Wilson, M. Orrellano, & M. Meek.
"The Learning Machines". The New York Times,
September 15, 2010.
Major Learning Theories
Three theories of learning have proved dominant over the course of the last several decades. Behaviorism, akin to conditioning,
Cognitive Learning, which emphasizes individual thinking processes, such as mapping and information processing,
and Constructivism, which focuses on meaning making and creating. It is my belief and practice to combine components of all three theories into my teaching in order to achieve a variety of effective strategies and learning outcomes for my diverse population of students. While there is place for Behaviorism in learning, most would agree that a combination of concepts from Cognitivism and Constructivism are the more effective practices for successful learning.
Three theories of learning have proved dominant over the course of the last several decades. Behaviorism, akin to conditioning,
Cognitive Learning, which emphasizes individual thinking processes, such as mapping and information processing,
and Constructivism, which focuses on meaning making and creating. It is my belief and practice to combine components of all three theories into my teaching in order to achieve a variety of effective strategies and learning outcomes for my diverse population of students. While there is place for Behaviorism in learning, most would agree that a combination of concepts from Cognitivism and Constructivism are the more effective practices for successful learning.
Behaviorism and B.F. Skinner
Sometimes referred to as the father of behaviorism, Skinner contended that human behavior, including learning, was determined by conditioning through a
series of consequences. Desired outcomes could be achieved through negative or positive reinforcement
and negative or positive punishment. He termed this process Operant Conditioning. His theory was extreme, as it negated the concept of the free will of an individual and supported the power of conditioning, in essence to control. The practice of using principles of behaviorism teach is sometimes frowned upon by cognitivists and
constructivists, however, there can be useful and pro-
ductive behavioristic practices in education.
Click links below to view classroom artifacts
Verb Template Extra Credit Tickets Practice and Drill Grades Games
Cognitivism and Jean Piaget
The name most often associated with the learning theory of cognitivism is Piaget, as he pioneered the movement in 1936. Cognition or making meaning through thought processing and experience involves planning, organizing, and disseminating information. The mind builds a schema or framework from which to acquire and share information and knowledge. Many believe that cognitive strategies are springboards to richer, more constructive practices. In my own practice, many of the cognitive strategies below serve to prep students for the more challenging and meaningful constructive tasks and projects.
Click links below to view artifacts
Thinking Maps Mind Maps Vocabulary Crossword Reflective Journals Group Work
The name most often associated with the learning theory of cognitivism is Piaget, as he pioneered the movement in 1936. Cognition or making meaning through thought processing and experience involves planning, organizing, and disseminating information. The mind builds a schema or framework from which to acquire and share information and knowledge. Many believe that cognitive strategies are springboards to richer, more constructive practices. In my own practice, many of the cognitive strategies below serve to prep students for the more challenging and meaningful constructive tasks and projects.
Click links below to view artifacts
Thinking Maps Mind Maps Vocabulary Crossword Reflective Journals Group Work
Constructivism and John Dewey
John Dewey's theory of childhood development and education, which was termed Progressive Education, was the forerunner of modern constructivism. In a constructivist learning environment, students learn through a serious of rigorous and challenging tasks where they literally build their knowledge themselves and learn to problem solve as a result of productivity. Jean Piaget also leant his name to the constructivism explosion, as well as cognitivism.
Click links below to view artifacts
Video Project Debate Rubric Research Presentation Story Arc Argumentative Essay
ETEC 500
Foundations in Instructional Technology
California State University San Bernardino
Summary, Assessment, Reflection Education Philosophy
Foundations in Instructional Technology
California State University San Bernardino
Summary, Assessment, Reflection Education Philosophy
ETEC 5010
Foundations of e-Learning
California State University San Bernardino
Example Blended Learning Lesson
Course Reflection
Foundations of e-Learning
California State University San Bernardino
Example Blended Learning Lesson
Course Reflection